Adsense

INTRO
Beberapa tahun yang lalu, Google mula menerima pemasangan iklan via banner dalam setiap proses pencarian via www.google.com. Google menyebut programnya ini dengan nama : Google Adwords. Kemudian Google juga menawarkan kepada para pemilik website untuk ikut menampilkan iklan dari Google ini, dengan bayaran system bagi hasil 'pembayaran setiap klik' .

Jadi jika pemasang iklan via Adwords membayar sekian dollar/sen kepada Google untuk setiap klik iklan mereka, maka sebahagian akan diberikan ke pemilik website yang ikut program ini, disebut Google Adsense.
Dari pengamatan saya, member Google Adsense terbahagi kepada 2 kumpulan:

1-Websitenya yang menggantungkan 100% dari Adsense
2-Adsense digunakan sebagai penghasilan tambahan dari content asli website itu.

Ciri-ciri no. 1 :Kandungan website tidak adanya content yang kuat, contoh: Blog
Ciri-ciri no. 2 :Kandungan websitenya berisikan content yang jelas , misal : kedai online, laman komuniti, product barang, dll.

LANGKAH MENDAFTAR KE GOOGLE ADSENSE :

1-Sebelum mendaftar, siapkan website yang akan didaftarkan, website berbahasa Inggeris lebih baik dari pada berbahasa Malaysia. Mempunyai domain sendiri adalah lebih baik supaya diterima oleh google. Website ini hanya untuk saat pendaftaran, kerana selepas diterima permohonan Adsense Google mampu menerima sehingga 200 website dalam satu account. Pastikan website anda yang sudah mempunyai kandungan dan jelas isi kandungannya ketika mendaftar. klik disini untuk mendaftar

2-Ketika mendaftar, anda perlu berhati-hati, jangan memasukkan informasi yang salah atau tidak tepat, Ini kerana ia akan membabitkan masalah pembayaran.Terutamanya NAMA dan ALAMAT jangan sampai tersalah setiap ejaan. Jika berlaku kesilapan data tadi, anda akan mempunyai masalah di saat menerima pembayaran (Cek). Pastikan ianya sama seperti Kad Pengenalan anda.

LANGKAH SETELAH PERMOHONAN ANDA DITERIMA.1- Masukkan kod script adsense ke website anda.

2-Promosikan website anda. Cara untuk promosi terlalu banyak. Bentuk promosi yang paling baik adalah melalui Search Engine dengar mendaftar website anda di situ. Ada 3 search engine yang paling penting dan tersohor : 1. Google, 2. Yahoo dan 3. MSN

3- Jangan cuba melakukan spam dengan cara sering meng-klik iklan google di website anda sendiri. Jika dapat dikesan,akaun anda boleh di banned oleh system di GA (Google Adsense). Sistem mengesan sah atau tidak sesuatu klik pada banner iklan adsense itu amat canggih, tidak hanya berdasarkan ip address saja, tetapi berdasarkan beberapa kriteria tertentu. Anda tidak perlu tahu bagaimana sistem canggih yang digunakan tetapi fokuskan bagaimana membuat promosi dan memperkasakan isi content website anda supaya mampu menarik pengunjung yang lebih ramai.

KAEDAH PEMBAYARAN OLEH GOOGLE .
1-Ketika pendapatan anda di GA mencapai USD50, maka anda akan dihantar no pin untuk pengesahan, namun ini jarang berlaku. Jika anda tidak menerimanya ia tidak menjadi masalah.

2-Setelah jumlah pembayaran kepada anda telah mencapai USD100 ke atas, maka pihak Google akan segera membuat sebuah cek untuk anda dan akan menghantarnya ke alamat yang anda isi ketika membuat pendaftaran/permohonan.
3-Pengirimanan cek oleh Google mempunyai dua cara:

i-Melalui pos biasa (lebih kurang sebulan akan sampai). Kos pengiriman ini adalah percuma(ditanggung oleh Google)

ii-. Melalui courier (DHL/Fedex), memakan masa lebih kurang seminggu anda akan menerimanya. Kos penghantarannya ialah USD24 untuk setiap kirim.


4-Cek Google biasanya dari Bank HSBC atau Citibank.

5-Untuk proses penukaran cek, anda boleh tunaikan di bank-bank tempatan dan akan dikenakan sedikit 'charge'. Charge yang dikenakan bergantung pada bank tersebut. Bank Islam RM10..

HAL-HAL LAIN YANG BERKAITAN
1-Setelah pendapatan anda mencapai USD100 dan ianya dihantar melalui pos biasa, anda akan menerima duit tunai itu boleh memakan masa paling lewat 2 bulan (1 bulan untuk proses penghantaran, 1 bulan untuk ditunaikan di bank). Tempohnya memang agak lama, namun anggap sahaja ianya adalah umpama pelaburan jangka panjang.

2-Jika pendapatan anda belum besar dan anda tidak tergesa-gesa untuk menerimanya, lebih baik duit dari akaun Google Adsense anda itu diperam dahulu. Kumpulkan hasi
l dari beberapa bulan dulu , jika sudah dirasa besar jumlahnya, barulah minta dikirim!.Kirimlah melalui DHL/Fedex untuk lebih cepat dan lebih selamat kerana jumlah yang anda akan terima adalah lumayan. -ini hanya satu cadangan-

3- Jika pengiriman melalui pos biasa tetapi dalam tempoh 1 bulanpun belum sampai, anda boleh minta cek itu diganti semula. Dan cek yang terdahulu secara automatik tidak akan laku. Cek hanya boleh ditunaikan oleh sipenama yang tertera dalam cek itu sahaja.

PENUTUP
Google Adsense adalah suatu bentuk Internet Marketing yang terbaik. Boleh dijadikan sebagai sumber pendapatan sampingan(side income) bagi mereka yang sudah berkerjaya atau boleh dijadikan sebagai pendapatan tetap bagi mereka yang belum bekerjaya. Pada peringkat awal, anda harus mestilah berusaha lebih dan memberi komitmen seperti mengupdate isikandungan website dan membuat promosi dan terus membuat promosi. Setelah anda mempunyai hasil yang besar , maka boleh dikatakan bahawa pendapatan anda akan terus stabil di angka itu untuk setiap bulan. Semakin banyak promosi anda mampu meraih pendapatan yang lebih besar setiap bulan.

Jangan mengharapkan dalam tempoh yang singkat anda akan dapat hasil yang bertimbun. Ia bergantung pada masa, isi kandungan website dan promosi anda!. Menurut pengalaman mereka yang berjaya, pada peringkat awalnya hanya terima sekitar USD100 sebulan Namun,lama kelamaan ada yang mencapai USD1000 sebulan. Anda juga mampu memperolehinya.Yakin dan Percayalah.

Tapi bagi anda yang ingin mengetahui Rahasia Melipatgandakan Dollar dari Google Adsense Dalam Beberapa Jam, Rahasia Yang 98% Para Pebisnis Adsense Tidak Mengetahuinya! Rahasia Untuk Mendapatkan Penghasilan Minimal $4500/bulan Dari Google Adsense dengan menggunakan Metode Instant, Metode ini dapat diterapkan dengan mudah, walaupun anda masih baru atau pemula bahkan yang awam sekalipun di Bisnis Adsense karena metode akan mengulasnya dari awal. Dapat rahasianya di:
http://adsense-x-files.com/?id=vampire_surfer

Read More

Using the UNIX Mail Program

Using the UNIX Mail Program

Contents

• Introduction
  
  
  
• Conventions Used in This Document
  
  
  
• Sending Mail
  
  
  
  
• Editing Your Message
  
  
  
• Sending Your Message
  
  
  
• Aborting Your Message
  
  
  
• Sending Mail
  
  
  
  
• Receiving and Reading Mail
  
  
  
• Reading Your Messages
  
  
  
• Message List
  
  
  
  
• Replying to a Mail Message
  
  
  
• Cleaning Up Old Mail
  
  
  
• Saving Mail Messages
  
  
  
• Deleting Mail Messages
  
  
  
  
• Undeleting Mail Messages
  
  
  
• Exiting the Mail Program
  
  
  
• Other Mail Commands
  
  
  
  
• Customizing Your Mail Environment
  
  
  
• Using Mail Aliases
  
  
  
• Using Set Commands
  
  
  
• Forwarding Your Mail to Another Computer
  
  
  
  
• Other Mail Programs
  
  
  
• Getting Help
  

Introduction

The UNIX mail program is a basic e-mail program. It allows the
sending and receiving of text-only
e-mail. It is not MIME-compliant, and therefore is not suitable
for sending binary files such as images,
word processor documents, or spreadsheets. For such items, use
the Pine mail program, or one of the
graphical mail clients such as Netscape 7 or Outlook
Express 6. See Other Mail
Programs for more information.





For incoming mail, there are commands to read, save, delete,
and reply to messages. For sending mail,
you can edit, review, and make other changes to a message as it is
composed, and then send it to one or
more individuals, or to a list of people.

Conventions Used in this Document

Text style:	Usage:
italic	keywords, glossary entries and text that is emphasized.
bold	text that is emphasized.
fixed	a computer response or prompt as shown on screen.
bold fixed	commands you type in (commands should be typed in lower case-unless otherwise indicated).
italic fixed	substituting a required variable or command.

Sending Mail

To send e-mail to a person you need to know the person's
login name and host computer
system. This is known as the person's e-mail address.
To send mail type:







Mail login-name@hostname









Note:To call the UNIX Mail program in the WAM or
Glue UNIX systems, you must issue the
Mail command with an uppercase M.
Using a lowercase m will call a
different mail program. In the OIT cluster, you may use
either upper or lowercase.








Suppose you want to send mail to John Smith whose e-mail
address is jsmith@wam.umd.edu. At the
UNIX prompt you would type:





Mail jsmith@wam.umd.edu





and press Return. Here, jsmith is the login name
and wam.umd.edu is the address of
the host computer, or system, on which John has an account.







Note: To get more information about using UNIX
on the OIT cluster, refer to Introduction to
the OIT UNIX system.







It is not necessary to include the system address if the person
you are sending mail to has an account
on the machine from which you are sending mail. If sending mail
from your WAM account to another WAM
account holder, you only type:






Mail jsmith





and press Return. Otherwise, you need the full e-mail
address.





For help in sending mail to an e-mail address that doesn't look
like an Internet address, contact the
Help Desk at 301.405.1500 between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00
p.m. Monday-Friday.





After you issue the Mail command, the mail program will
prompt you for the subject of your
mail. If you wish to include a subject, type it and press
Return; if you don't want a subject,
press Return only. The mail program will then prompt you
with Cc: to send a carbon copy of
the mail item. If you want to send a copy of the message to
someone else, enter their login name/address or
aliases (see Using Mail Aliases) at the
Cc: prompt. If you do not want to send any
carbon copies, press Return.





You are now placed in the mail program's message editor. As you
type your message, remember to press
Return at the end of each line.







Note: If you do not press Return at the
end of each line, it may appear as though
the system is inserting Returns but, in fact, this
is not the case. If you do not press
Return your keyboard will lock up after 256
keystrokes, thus preventing you from
continuing.

Editing Your Message

If you make mistakes while typing your message and wish to
correct them, use the Delete (or
Del) key to erase them. You must make your corrections
before pressing Return.





Several functions can be invoked by typing a ~ (tilde)
followed by an option character at the
beginning of a blank line:


















~?	gives you a list of the tilde escapes that are available.
~v or ~e	("visual" or "editor") each of these options, used at the beginning of a line, will invoke editors to create, modify, or add to your message. Editors make it possible to correct lines other than the one you are typing, move text, and perform other word processing operations that aren't possible with the message editor in the mail program.







If you have not customized your EDITOR or VISUAL environment
variables, on the OIT Cluster you'll get by
default:


















~v	the vi editor.
~e	the ex editor.








On WAM and Glue, the default editor for both is
pico.





When you finish with your text and are ready to send the mail,
save the text and exit from the editor
using the commands appropriate for that editor.





If you have customized your EDITOR or VISUAL environment
variables, use the commands appropriate to that
editor.





For more information about text editors, see the documents at

http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/documentation.







Note: On WAM and Glue, the default
.environment file contains lines which you can
uncomment and comment out to change from pico to
vi.








If you prefer to use a different editor from the default, you
can set either ~v or ~e (or
both) to call that editor. All you have to know is where the
editor you want to use is located on your
system. You can find this out by using the UNIX which
command. For instance, if you wanted to use
the emacs editor, you could find out where it is by
typing:





which emacs





On Glue, OIT UNIX cluster, or WAM, a pathname is displayed:





/usr/local/bin/emacs






You would then use this information to type one of the
following commands at the UNIX prompt before you
start the mail program to have either ~e or ~v
automatically put you into emacs:



















for ~e:	setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs
for ~v:	setenv VISUAL /usr/local/bin/emacs







If, instead of typing the setenv command, you place it
in the appropriate startup file
(~/.environment on WAM/Glue or appropriate shell
configuration file of the cluster,
i.e. .cshrc), your chosen editor will always be available
using the appropriate ~-option. You
can also do this by putting one of the following commands in your
.mailrc file (along with any other
mailer set commands you think would be useful).
















for ~e:	set EDITOR=/usr/local/bin/emacs
for ~v:	set VISUAL=/usr/local/bin/emacs







If you are using one of these special editors, the
~-options described in this document (which
are part of the mail program's message editor) will not work until
you leave that special editor.



















~h

allows changes to your message header (i.e., you can change the To: (recipient) and Cc: (carbon copy) lists and also change the Subject: line).

~m message#

places a mail message you've received from someone else into your current mail message (Reading your messages for a description of a message number). The inserted message is shifted to the right by a tab - usually about 8 spaces. This may make the text a bit difficult for the recipient to read, since lines that are shifted beyond 80 columns will wrap around on the reader's screen, looking like this:









Here is your note accompanying the forwarded message
 And here is the forwarded message, which is in-
dented
 8 spaces and then wraps around into the empty
area
 where the indentation is, making it hard to read

  







An alternative approach is to save the message you want to
forward, and put it into a file using the
s command (see Saving Mail Messages).
When you write to the person to whom you
wish to forward the message, you can place it in the e-mail with
the ~r option (see below), which
doesn't indent it. For clarity, it also helps to use a separator
to indicate where your mail ends and the
appended message begins:





-------------- forwarded message



































~r filename	reads all contents of the file known as filename into your current message following the line you just typed before the ~r.
~s new-subject	changes the subject line to new-subject (it can be more than one word).
~t users	adds users to the To: list (the list of people receiving your message); users can be any combination of login-name@mailaddresses and aliases (see Using Mail Aliases).
~w filename	writes (saves) your message to the file known as filename. For example, ~w bob.feb12 would save the current message to a file called bob.feb12.
~! command	executes a UNIX command, but does not put the output in your mail message.
~~	includes a single tilde as the first character of a line.

Sending Your Message

Once the message has been entered and is ready to be mailed (be
sure to exit any editors you may have
called with ~e or ~v), there are two ways by which
to send the mail and then exit the mail
program. In either case, first press Return to place the
cursor on a blank line. Then, either press
Ctrl-d (hold down the Ctrl (Control) key and type
d), or type a period (.) in
column 1 and press Return.

Aborting Your Message

If you decide that you want to quit the mail program without
sending your message, press Ctrl-c
twice. This command can not be issued while you are in an editor.
After pressing Ctrl-c the first time,
the mail program will prompt you to confirm that you wish to exit
without sending your message. The message
will be saved in a file named dead.letter in your home
directory. This is useful if you decide to send
the mail message later. If you abort another mail message, the
mail program overwrites the previous contents
of the dead.letter file; so, if you wish to keep the
contents of the first file, you should either
rename it or move
it to another directory.

Sending Mail

While using the mail program to read mail messages, you can
also send a mail message. Refer to
Other Mail Commands, for details.

Receiving and Reading Mail

If there are mail messages waiting for you when you log in to
your UNIX account, you will see
the message:







You have mail







On the OIT cluster, you are automatically placed into the mail
program. On other machines, enter the
program by typing:






Mail





at the system prompt followed by pressing Return. A "new
mail has arrived" message appears (if you
received new mail while reading mail already in your mailbox).





When you first start the mail program, it tells you how many
messages are waiting and then displays the
header information for each message. The header information lists
the mail address of the sender, the date
and time the message was sent, the number of lines and characters
in the message, and as much of the
message's subject line as will fit on the screen.





The illustration in the next section indicates what a typical
UNIX mail account would display indicating
three new (N) mail messages and one old mail message which
was unread (U).





After the header information for the messages has been
displayed, you can read or issue mail commands at
the mail program prompt (&).





Some systems use the ">" symbol at the beginning of a line
which indicates this particular message is
the default message (i.e., the message that will be manipulated if
you do not specify a particular message
number). This message is the one referred to in the explanations
below as the "current message".

Reading Your Messages

To read a particular mail message, type the number of that
message at the mail prompt (&) and
press Return. For instance, to read the message from
akins@umd5.umd.edu below, type 2

at the & prompt and press Return:







& 2








Mail $Revision: 4.2.4.2 $  Type ? for help..  Type ? for
help. "/usr/spool/mail/userid":4 messages 3 new

 U 1 jdoe@umd5.umd.edu  Tue Aug 27 11:56 12/4182
>N 2 akins@umd5.umd.edu Wed Aug 28 09:12 13/33 "Good
 N 3 johndoe  Wed Aug 28 13:40 16/360
 N 4 johndoe  Thu Aug 29 10:14 82/1697 "lunch today?"

&
   









The mail message will be displayed on your screen. If the
message is more than one screen long, the
program will display a single screenful at a time. A -MORE-
message will appear at the bottom of the
screen to tell you that additional information exists. To view the
rest of the message, press the space
bar. Refer to the Using Set Commands section
in this document for information on
scrolling through text that appears on your screen.

Message List

If after reading any one mail item you wish to see the list of
messages again, type h at the
& prompt and press Return.

Replying to a Mail Message

To respond to an e-mail message that you have received, use one
of mail's two reply commands r or
R. Both commands are issued by typing the command followed
by the number of the e-mail message to
which you wish to reply. For example:








& r 2







would reply to message number two. If a reply command is issued
without a message number, a reply is
generated for the current message.

















r	reply is sent to the original sender and all other recipients of the original mail message.
R	reply is sent to the original sender only, not other recipients.







The above commands differ only in who will receive the reply
message. Remember the difference between
the two reply commands. For example, if you are replying to a mail
message sent by your professor to the
entire class, you might prefer that only the professor receive
your reply. Since the r and R

commands are system dependant, the roles can change.

Cleaning Up Old Mail

If you read your mail and take no further action, then when you
exit from the mail program all of your
messages will remain in your system mail file. The next time you
read mail, the old messages will appear
with any new mail you receive.





You should save whatever mail you want to keep and make sure
that all mail is deleted as soon as
possible. On most systems, mail is held in a common area, and one
person's accumulation of large volumes of
mail potentially jeopardizes the ability of others to get mail.
(On WAM and Glue, on the other hand, mail
storage space comes out of your own personal quota, which you can
handle in whatever manner is convenient for
you.)





The mail program's keepsave setting determines whether
mail that you save elsewhere is
automatically deleted or not. Some systems at the University have
keepsave set to retain mail after
you save it; others have it unset to delete such mail. You can
check this with the set command, and,
if you prefer, change it.

Saving Mail Messages

To save a mail message in a file, you must issue the save
command (s), followed by the numbers of
the messages you wish to save and the name of the file you wish to
save them in. There is no standard
file-you must give a file name.







& s message_list filename








When using the save command, the message_list can
specify several message numbers, a single
message number, a range of numbers, or no message number. If you
do not specify a message number, the
"current" message is saved to the file. For example, to save two
messages (numbers 3 and
4) in a file named johnmail, type:







& s 3 4 johnmail

Deleting Mail Messages

Once you have read and/or saved a message, it is important to
remember to delete it (if it is still
there). The delete (d) command is used for this purpose.
Simply type the delete command followed by
the message numbers of the messages you wish to delete.







& d message_list







For example:








& d 3 4







This will delete messages 3 and 4 (which you
saved previously in a file named
johnmail). A range of numbers can be deleted by using a
hyphen. To delete messages
1 through 20 you would type the command as
follows:







& d 1-20

Undeleting Mail Messages

There is an undelete (u) command that you can use to
reactivate messages which have been
deleted; however the undelete command only works if you have not
yet exited the mail program. After exiting
the mail program, any messages that have been deleted cannot be
retrieved.

Exiting the Mail Program

There are two ways to exit the mail program:







Type q and press Return. This exits the
mail program and removes any deleted or
saved messages so that the next time you read your mail,
the deleted and saved messages will not
appear.





Type x and press Return. This exits the
mail program but does not remove any
deleted or saved messages. All messages will show up when
you next call up the mail program.

Other Mail Commands

There are many other commands you can use to manipulate your
mail messages. Some of the most useful mail
commands are briefly described in this section.





In the following descriptions, a message_list may
consist of a single mail message number, a list
of message numbers separated by spaces, a range of message numbers
whose numbers are separated by a hyphen
(e.g., 2-4), or a combination of any of these. For
example:







d 3


d 3 5 6


d 3-5


d 3-5 7 10-14







If a message_list is not given, the mail program uses
the current message.





A user_list consists only of user names and mail
addresses separated by spaces, such as:







m jdoe@wam.umd.edu
carol@umd5.umd.edu












































































Command	Explanation
?	displays a list of some of the mail commands.
! command	executes a UNIX command then returns to the mail program.
d msg. #	deletes the # message.
e message_list	edits listed messages with the EDITOR text editor (see Editing Your Message).
h	displays header information for the twenty most recent active mail messages.
m user_list	sends a mail message to the listed users (this works the same as sending mail from the command line).
n	displays the next message.
q	exits the mail program and removes any deleted or saved messages. The next time you read mail, the deleted and saved messages will not appear.
r msg. #	replies to the message numbered #. The subject line is the same as the original message #, but a "Re:" will be prefixed to show that it is a reply. Reply is sent to the original sender and all other recipients of the original message.
R msg. #	sends a reply only to the original sender. This is similar to the r msg command. Note: The r and R commands act as described above on some systems (WAM and the UNIX cluster), and the opposite way on others (Glue-where you can set the replyall setting, not available on most other systems, to reverse their meaning if you wish-see Using Set Commands). It is a good idea to do a man mail command on your system to make sure you know how these two commands behave.
s msg.# filename	saves the numbered message to a file.
u message_list	undeletes listed message(s). Note: The undelete command only restores messages if you have not yet quit the mail program. If you have quit the mail program, deleted messages cannot be restored.
v message_list	edits listed messages with the VISUAL text editor.
x or ex	exits the mail program, but does not remove deleted or saved messages from the mail file.

Customizing Your Mail Environment

The UNIX mail program allows you to customize your mail
environment to make it easier to send and
receive mail. These commands can be issued from the mail prompt
(&) or made automatic by placing
them in a file named .mailrc in your home directory.

Using Mail Aliases

The mail program provides a timesaving feature called
alias. Aliases are abbreviated names that
represent the mail address of a single user or several users. They
allow you to send mail to a group of
people quickly without requiring you to remember all of their
individual mail addresses, or to a single
user with a long or difficult-to-remember address. The
alias command is used to define aliases. For
example, a simple alias could look like:








alias rob rob@wam.umd.edu







and a group alias could look like:







alias class rob@umd5.umd.edu mark
sue@wam.umd.edu







The latter would create an alias named class that
consists of the three class members listed. A
group alias can consist of actual addresses, aliases or a
combination of both. If you use the alias
command to define an alias while in the mail program, it will
exist until you exit the mail program; if
you put the alias command in your .mailrc file, it
will be available every time you send
mail.





To use a mail alias after you create it, substitute the alias
name for the login name and mail address
you would normally provide when sending mail. For example:







Mail class







sends mail to all the users listed under the alias class
in the .mailrc file.





If you have more names in your alias list than will fit on one
80-column line, you have three
options:






1. Keep typing without pressing Return, allowing
   the text to wrap around from line to
   line. You can do this for up to 255 characters-a little
   over 3 lines-but it is sloppy.
   
2. Type the list on several lines, but end each line with
   a \ (backslash) and press Return
   (the word alias only goes on the first line).
   
3. Make aliases for subsets of your list, and then make a
   final alias consisting of a list of
   these "sub-aliases".
   

Using Set Commands

Many mail program options can be set with the mail program
set command. These options can be
used temporarily by issuing the set command while using the
mail program, or permanently by placing
the desired set commands in your .mailrc. The
default system options for the mail program
are set in the file /etc/mail/Mail.rc for WAM/Glue and
/usr/share/lib/Mail.rc on the
cluster. You can set additional options, or unset system defaults
with the unset command, in your
.mailrc.





Set command options are either binary or valued.
Binary set options are either set or not
set (on or off), there is no value associated with them; valued
set options are set to a particular
value. Binary options can be set simply by using the set
command and the option name.







set option







For example:








set keepsave







Binary options can be unset by using the unset command
and the option name. For example:







unset askcc








Valued options are set using the set command with a
slightly different format.







set option=value







For example:







set crt=24







would signal the mail program that you are working within a 24
line screen and it will pause every
screenful of text accordingly.





Several options can be set on a single line, such as:







set append dot ask hold askcc
crt=24







You can see a list of the binary options that are on/set and
value options that have a value by simply
typing:








set







Some of the more useful set options are briefly described
below. Valued set options are indicated
as such, all other options are binary.









































































Set option	Function
ask	prompts you for a subject whenever you mail a message.
askcc	prompts you for a carbon copy list whenever you mail a message.
crt	tells the mail program how many lines long your terminal screen is so that mail messages are displayed appropriately. The system default is 24 lines. (crt is a valued option.)
dot	allows you to use a . (period) alone on a line to send your message and quit the mail program.
EDITOR	specifies the text editor to invoke when the ~e or e commands are used to edit a mail message. EDITOR is a valued option. Remember to specify the full pathname. On WAM and the OIT cluster, the paths for the emacs and vi editors are: /usr/local/bin/emacs /usr/ucb/vi
hold	messages that have been read but not deleted or saved are left in your system mail file.
keepsave	messages that have been saved to a file and are left in your system mail file instead of being deleted.
metoo	allows you to receive a copy of the message.
noheader	header information for messages in your system mail file is not displayed when you start the mail program.
record	specifies the name of a file to which all outgoing mail messages are appended (record is a valued option).
replyall	(Glue and Sun workstations) reverse the meaning of R and r to be like other systems in which r replies to all recipients and R replies to author.
save	aborted messages are saved in the dead.letter file.
VISUAL	specifies what text editor is invoked when the ~v or v commands are used to edit a mail message. VISUAL is a valued option. Remember to give the full path name of the editor as mentioned previously in the EDITOR description above.

Forwarding Your Mail to Another Computer

If you have accounts on several computer systems, and you would
like to be able to read your e-mail on
only one system, you can forward your mail from your UNIX account
to another computer system. To do this,
simply create a file named .forward in your home directory
that contains your e-mail address on the
other system. For example, if you have a UNIX cluster account and
a WAM account, and you wish to forward all
your mail to the WAM system, use a text editor to create a
.forward file on the cluster that contains
the line:







your-loginname@wam.umd.edu







As long as the .forward file exists on the cluster, all
mail sent there will be forwarded to the
WAM system. To stop mail forwarding, simply delete or rename the
.forward file.







Note: If you wish to forward mail from your WAM
or Glue account to your cluster account,
you must place the .forward file in your mail
directory.

Other Mail Programs

The standard UNIX Berkeley mail program described here
is only one of many mail programs. Other
easier to use mail programs with more or better features are
available. Most of the publicly available UNIX
systems at the University have mailers available.





One example is the Pine mail program. Pine is the
more popular of the mail programs because
it can be used from any kind of computer. It has many advanced
features including a graphical interface for
reading mail, a help utility, and the ability to "attach" files to
mail messages. To use it, type
pine at the UNIX prompt.





Another example is the mail-handler (mh) system. The
mh system is a group of independent
programs that are called separately from the Unix prompt to
perform mail handling functions - sending mail,
or retrieving, reading, saving, replying to and forwarding
incoming mail. The mh mail handler has
facilities to set up aliases and can send blind carbon copies to
others within the mail program. Each mail
item is maintained as an individual file and can be placed in a
folder (directory) of choice.





Graphical mail clients, such as Netscape 7 or Outlook
Express 6, are a convenient way to check your
e-mail, and are the preferred alternative to
Berkeley mail and Pine. See
http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/documents/0/690 for more
information about which client would work best for
you.

Getting Help

On-line help is available via the man command. From the
UNIX prompt, type man
mail to view the on-line manual entry for the mail
program.





Documents on the basics of the three OIT-supported text
editors, Using the Vi Text
Editor,Using the Emacs Text
Editor, and Using the Pico Text
Editor are available on-line.





For assistance with the standard Berkeley mailer
described in this document call or visit the Help
Desk (CSS, room 1400, 301.405.1500), Monday through Friday, 8:00
a.m. to 5:00 p.m.





For a printable PDF version of this document,
refer to
http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/documentation/unix/mail.pdf.






Last Date Modified: 01-18-05 - JLG




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SUDO (Superuser Do) di FreeBSD

SUDO (Superuser Do) di FreeBSD

Sudo berfungsi untuk memberikan otoritas kepada user tertentu untuk menjalankan command / perintah seperti yang dilakukan atau hanya dapat dijalankan oleh superuser atau root. Sudo juga melakukan logging degan baik, sehingga admin dapat melakukan kontrol terhadap user mereka. Berikut akan dijelaskan singkat instalasi dan konfigurasi nya.
1. INSTALL SUDOSudo dapat didownload dari http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/dist/sudo-1.6.6.tar.gz

root@bsd /usr/local > wget http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/dist/sudo-1.6.6.tar.gz
–19:34:06– http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/dist/sudo-1.6.6.tar.gz
=> `sudo-1.6.6.tar.gz’
Resolving www.courtesan.com… done.
Connecting to www.courtesan.com[128.138.192.82]:80… connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response… 200 OK
Length: 333,074 [application/x-tar] 100%[================================>] 333,074 4.93K/s ETA 00:00

19:35:14 (4.93 KB/s) - `sudo-1.6.6.tar.gz’ saved [333074/333074]

Setelah download selesai, ekstrak dan install root@bsd /usr/local > tar -xzvf sudo-1.6.6.tar.gz
root@bsd /usr/local > cd sudo-1.6.6
root@bsd /usr/local/sudo-1.6.6 > make
root@bsd /usr/local/sudo-1.6.6 > make install

setelah instalasi selesai, file konfigurasinya (sudoers) terdapat di /etc , sedangkan visudo ( file untuk melakukan konfigurasi ) terdapat di /usr/local/sbin/ .

2. KONFIGURASIUntuk melakukan konfigurasi sudo jalankan visudo root ~> /usr/local/sbin/visudo

User_Alias di gunakan untuk memberikan Alias kepada user yang akan menjalankan sudo.

# User alias specification
User_Alias USER1=wus, d0lsoto
User_Alias USER2=mbuh

Cmnd_Alias untuk command yang akan dijalankan oleh sudo # Cmnd alias specification
Cmnd_Alias PPP=/usr/sbin/ppp, /usr/sbin/offline, /usr/sbin/pppstat
Cmnd_Alias HALT=/sbin/halt, /sbin/shutdown, /sbin/reboot
Cmnd_Alias IPF=/sbin/ipf, /sbin/ipnat, /sbin/ipfstat
Cmnd_Alias IPMONLOG=/sbin/ipmonitor

User spesification untuk menentukan user mana dan command apa yang akan dijalankan. # User privilege specification
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
USER1 ALL= PPP,HALT,IPF,IPMONLOG
USER2 ALL= IPF

Menurut default nya user akan dimintai password dahulu untuk menjalankan command dalam sudo. Apabila kita tidak menginginkan password untuk setiap kali user menjalankan sudo, dapat kita lakukan dengan menambahkan : # Uncomment to allow people in group wheel to run all commands
USER1 ALL = NOPASSWD: PPP,IPF,IPMONLOG

Jadi untuk USER1 hanya akan dimintai password bila menjalankan command yang ada dalam alias HALT. Sedangkan untuk USER2 akan selalu diminta password setiap kali menjalankan command. Untuk manual konfigurasi yang lebih lebih lengkap dan complicated dapat dilihat di http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/man/sudoers.html

contoh file sudoers : # sudoers file.
#
# This file MUST be edited with the ‘visudo’ command as root.
#
# See the sudoers man page for the details on how to write a sudoers file.
# # Host alias specification

# User alias specification
User_Alias USER1=wus, d0lsoto
User_Alias USER2=mbuh

# Cmnd alias specification
Cmnd_Alias PPP=/usr/sbin/ppp, /usr/sbin/offline, /usr/sbin/pppstat
Cmnd_Alias HALT=/sbin/halt, /sbin/shutdown, /sbin/reboot
Cmnd_Alias IPF=/sbin/ipf, /sbin/ipnat, /sbin/ipfstat
Cmnd_Alias IPMONLOG=/sbin/ipmonitor

# User privilege specification
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
USER1 ALL= PPP,HALT,IPF,IPMONLOG
USER2 ALL= IPF,IPMONLOG

# Uncomment to allow people in group wheel to run all commands
# %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
USER1 ALL = NOPASSWD: PPP,IPF,IPMONLOG

# Same thing without a password
# %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

# Samples
# %users ALL=/sbin/mount /cdrom,/sbin/umount /cdrom
# %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now

Entri ini dibuat oleh kang deden dan ditulis pada 31 Januari, 2007 pada 1:51 pm dan diberkaskan di dalam FreeBsd. Buat Penanda Halaman Tautan Permanen. Ikuti komentar apa pun di sini dengan Pengumpan RSS untuk tulisan ini. Tulis komen atau tinggalkan trackback: URL Trackback.

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IP alias dengan ifconfig di FreeBSD

IP alias dengan ifconfig di FreeBSD

Untuk memberikan IP alias pada sebuah Ethernet card (dalam contoh digunakan interface rl0) , perhatikan contoh berikut : # ifconfig rl0

rl0: flags=8843 mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::250:bfff:fe21:7aab%rl0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0×1
inet 192.168.0.9 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:50:bf:21:7a:ab
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX)
status: active

Dapat dilihat bahwa Ethernet tersebut (rl0) memiliki IP 192.168.0.9 , kita akan coba memberikan IP lain (192.168.0.99) pada rl0 : # ifconfig rl0 inet 192.168.0.99 netmask 255.255.255.255 alias

Kemudian coba kita lihat :

# ifconfig rl0

rl0: flags=8843 mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::250:bfff:fe21:7aab%rl0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0×1
inet 192.168.0.9 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
inet 192.168.0.99 netmask 0xffffffff broadcast 192.168.0.99
ether 00:50:bf:21:7a:ab
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX)
status: active

sekarang rl0 telah memiliki dua IP address, 192.168.0.9 dan 192.168.0.99, cek dengan ping :

# ping 192.168.0.99

PING 192.168.0.99 (192.168.0.99): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.0.99: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.295 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.99: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.667 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.99: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.665 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.99: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.657 ms
^C
— 192.168.0.99 ping statistics —
4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.295/0.571/0.667/0.159 ms

Untuk menghilangkan IP alias dapat dilakukan dengan :

# ifconfig rl0 inet 192.168.0.99 -alias
# ifconfig rl0

rl0: flags=8843 mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::250:bfff:fe21:7aab%rl0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0×1
inet 192.168.0.9 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:50:bf:21:7a:ab
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX)
status: active

Untuk menambahkan IP alias setiap kali system start , Edit rc.conf dan tambahkan :

ifconfig_rl0_alias0=”inet 192.168.0.99 netmask 255.255.255.255″
ifconfig_rl0_alias1=”inet 192.168.0.19 netmask 255.255.255.255″

contoh diatas adalah apabila kita akan menambahkan IP alias pada rl0 dengan dua IP ( 192.168.0.99 dan 192.168.0.19 ), dengan catatan dimulai dengan ifconfig_rl0_alias0=”" dan seterusnya.

Entri ini dibuat oleh kang deden dan ditulis pada 31 Januari, 2007 pada 1:49 pm dan diberkaskan di dalam FreeBsd. Buat Penanda Halaman Tautan Permanen. Ikuti komentar apa pun di sini dengan Pengumpan RSS untuk tulisan ini. Tulis komen atau tinggalkan trackback: URL Trackback

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Membangun Web Server di FreeBSD

Membangun Web Server di FreeBSD

Proyek Apache HTTP Server ini merupakan proyek open-source yang dikembangkan oleh Apache Software Foundation. Lembaga ini bertujuan mengembangkan Apache sebagai aplikasi web server modern yang bisa dipergunakan di multi platform OS, khususnya Unix dan Windows.

Saya tidak akan membahas sejarah perkembangan Apache ini secara rinci. Untuk mengetahui lebih lengkap perkembangannya silakan kunjungi About the Apache HTTP Server Project.

Dalam artikel ini, saya tidak hanya membahas Apache secara khusus saja, namun juga beberapa aplikasi yang umum dipergunakan bersama aplikasi ini, seperti OpenSSL, MySQL, dan PHP.

1. Download

Aplikasi yang dipergunakan dalam artikel ini adalah Apache versi 2.2.3, MySQL versi 5.0.22, OpenSSL versi 0.9.8d, dan PHP versi 5.2.0.

Dari semua aplikasi di atas, hanya Apache dan PHP yang akan diinstall secara manual, sedang MySQL dan OpenSSL diinstall via ports. Jadi yang akan didownload secara manual hanya Apache dan PHP.

Apache versi terakhir dapat didownload di http://apache.the.net.id/httpd/httpd-2.2.3.tar.bz2. Versi terakhir Apache saat artikel ini ditulis adalah versi 2.2.3. Dan versi PHP terakhir saat ini adalah versi 5.2.0. PHP dapat didownload di http://id2.php.net/get/php-5.2.0.tar.bz2/from/a/mirror.

2. Instalasi

2.1. Install MySQL

Sebelum menginstall Apache dan PHP, yang harus diinstall terlebih dahulu adalah MySQL dan OpenSSL. Untuk menginstalasi kedua aplikasi ini di FreeBSD cukup mudah melalui ports.

$ cd /usr/ports/database/mysql51-server

$ sudo make install

$ sudo portupgrade -rR mysql51-server

Command terakhir adalah untuk mengupgrade versi MySQL ke versi terbaru.

Untuk mengaktifkan MySQL saat booting, buka file /etc/rc.conf dan tambahkan baris:

mysql_enable = “YES”

Copykan file konfigurasi MySQL:

$ sudo cp /usr/local/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf /var/db/mysql/my.cnf

$ sudo chgrp mysql /var/db/mysql/my.cnf

Kemudian jalankan command berikut untuk mengaktifkan daemon MySQL.

$ sudo /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server start

Bila berhasil, seharusnya Anda akan melihat baris berikut saat menjalankan command ps ax | grep mysql:

678 p0- I 0:00.01 /bin/sh /usr/local/bin/mysqld_safe –defaults-extra-file=/var/db/mysql/my.cnf –user=mysql –datadir=/var/db/mysql

701 p0- S 383:04.45 /usr/local/libexec/mysqld –defaults-extra-file=/var/db/mysql/my.cnf –basedir=/usr/local –datadir=/var/db/mysql

Selanjutnya buat password untuk MySQL root user:

$ sudo mysqladmin -u root password ‘password-root-mysql’

Coba masuk ke MySQL console dengan password root tersebut.

$ mysql -u root -p

Enter password:

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 603704 to server version: 5.0.22

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the buffer.

mysql> \q

Bye

2.2. Install OpenSSL

Langkah selanjutnya adalah menginstalasi OpenSSL, cara menginstalasi OpenSSL dalam hal ini menggunakan ports juga.

$ cd /usr/ports/security/openssl

$ sudo make install clean

Buat direktori untuk menempatkan certificate SSL:

$ sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/openssl/{certs,private}

Kemudian generate private key 1024-bit:

$ cd /usr/local/openssl

$ sudo /usr/local/bin/openssl genrsa -out private/namadomain.com.key 1024

Ubah permission untuk direktori private menjadi:

$ sudo chown -R root:wheel private

$ sudo chmod -R 600 private

$ sudo chmod u+X private

Generate Certificate Signing Request (CSR) File:

$ /usr/local/bin/openssl req -new -key private/namadomain.com.key -out certs/namadomain.com.csr

Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]: ID

State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: Propinsi

Locality Name (eg, city) []: Kota

Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: PT. Nama Usaha

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Bidang Usaha Perusahaan

Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) []: namadomain.com

Email Address []: postmaster@namadomain.com

Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes

to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []: masukkanpassword

An optional company name []:

Kemudian buat Certificate Signed (CRT) file:

$ sudo /usr/local/bin/openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in certs/namadomain.com.csr -out certs/namadomain.com.crt -signkey private/namadomain.com.key

Certificate yang dibuat itu nantinya akan digunakan bila webserver support SSL.

2.3. Install Apache

Saya asumsikan, source Apache hasil download Anda disimpan di /home/users.

$ cd /home/users

$ tar -jxvf httpd-2.2.3.tar.bz2

$ cd httpd-2.2.3

$ ./configure \

–prefix=/usr/local/apache2 \

–enable-rewrite \

–enable-dav \

–enable-ssl \

–with-ssl=/usr/local \

–enable-vhost-alias \

–with-included-apr

$ make

$ sudo make install

Keterangan dari masing-masing opsi di atas adalah:

–prefix=[DIR]: Menginstall aplikasi ke target direktori yang ditentukan.

–enable-rewrite: Mengaktifkan rule based URL manipulation melalui module mod_rewrite.

–enable-dav: Mengaktifkan protocol WebDAV melalui module mod_dav. Dengan protocol WebDAV ini memungkinkan membuat, memindah, menyalin, dan menghapus resource pada sebuah web server.

–enable-ssl: Mengaktifkan module SSL/TLS.

–with-ssl=[DIR]: Di mana library SSL/TLS diinstall.

–enable-vhost-alias: Support dengan banyak virtual host.

–with-included-apr: Install apr. APR atau Apache Portable Runtime pada Apache 2.2.x versi merupakan source yang sudah menyatu dengan Apache Source.

2.4. Install PHP

Sebelum Anda menginstalasi PHP, saya sarankan untuk menginstall aplikasi-aplikasi via ports yang diperlukan (recommended) PHP saat instalasinya. Aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut adalah:

- mcrypt (/usr/ports/security/mcrypt) dan libmcrypt (/usr/ports/security/libmcrypt)

- db4 (/usr/ports/databases/db4) dan gdbm (/usr/ports/databases/gdbm)

- gd (/usr/ports/graphics/gd)

- libxml2 (/usr/ports/textproc/libxml2)

Saya asumsikan pula, source PHP yang Anda download disimpan di /home/users.

$ cd /home/users

$ tar -jxvf php-5.2.0.tar.bz2

$ cd php-5.2.0

$ ./configure \

–with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs \

–with-mysql=/usr/local \

–with-openssl=/usr/local \

–with-config-file-path=/usr/local/apache2/conf \

–with-png-dir=/usr/local/lib \

–with-gettext=/usr/local/lib \

–with-gd \

–with-zlib \

–with-xml \

–with-mcrypt=/usr/local/lib \

–enable-mbstring=all \

–disable-short-tags

$ make

$ make install

Keterangan dari masing-masing opsi di atas adalah:

–with-apxs2[=FILE]: Menyertakan shared Apache 2.0 Handler module.

–with-mysql[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan MySQL. DIR adalah di mana binary MySQL diinstall.

–with-openssl[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan OpenSSL.

–with-config-file-path=PATH: Di mana file php.ini akan diletakkan.

–with-png-dir[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan format file PNG.

–with-gettext[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan GNU gettext.

–with-gd[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan GD.

–with-zlib[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan zlib.

–with-libxml-dir[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan XML.

–with-mcrypt[=DIR]: Menyertakan dukungan mcrypt atau Multi-cipher cryptographic library.

–enable-mbstring: Mengaktifkan dukungan multibyte string.

–disable-short-tags: Nonaktifkan penggunaan tag pendek <? pada script PHP.

Edit file /usr/local/apache2/conf/php.ini dan sesuaikan dengan kebutuhan Anda. Pada dasarnya default file konfigurasi ini sudah cukup baik.

Karena PHP diinstall sebagai module pada Apache, kita perlu mengubah kepemilikan direktori PHP yang hanya akan mengijinkan akses kepada user root dan www saja.

$ sudo chown -R root:www /usr/local/lib/php

$ sudo chmod -R g-w,o-rwx /usr/local/lib/php

Edit file /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf dan ubah baris-baris berikut menjadi:

<IfModule !mpm_netware_module>

User www

Group www

</IfModule>

ServerAdmin hostmaster@namadomain.com

ServerName www.namadomain.com:80

<IfModule dir_module>

DirectoryIndex index.html index.php

</IfModule>

<IfModule mime_module>

TypesConfig conf/mime.types

AddType application/x-compress .Z

AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz

AddType application/x-httpd-php .php

AddHandler cgi-script .cgi

</IfModule>

Aktifkan juga baris-baris berikut dengan menghilangkan tanda # di awal barisnya:

Include conf/extra/httpd-autoindex.conf

Include conf/extra/httpd-userdir.conf

Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf

Include conf/extra/httpd-dav.conf

Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf

Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf

Selanjutnya ubah permission direktori Apache:

$ cd /usr/local

Ubah kepemilikan direktori apache2 ke user root:wheel

$ sudo chown -R root:wheel apache2

Ubah permission pada direktori apache2. Karena direktori ini kepemilikannya oleh root:wheel dan supaya bisa diakses oleh group www, kita ijinkan group www ini membaca dan mengeksekusi file-file di bawahnya.

$ sudo chmod 755 apache2

Selanjutnya pada direktori apache2 ini hanya akan mengijinkan user root saja untuk dapat membaca dan menulisinya dengan mengubah permission menjadi:

$ sudo chmod -R 600 apache2/*

Hanya user root saja yang dapat mengakses seluruh direktori yang berada di bawah direktori apache2:

$ sudo chmod -R u+X apache2

$ cd apache2

Ubah kepemilikan direktori binary Apache ke user root:

$ sudo chmod -R u+x bin

Direktori cgi-bin juga berisi file-file binari. Hanya mengijinkan user root dan group www saja yang bisa mengaksesnya.

$ sudo chgrp -R www cgi-bin

$ sudo chmod -R u+x,g+x cgi-bin

Web server akan membaca direktori icons, maka ubah pula kepemilikannya agar bisa dibaca oleh group www.

$ sudo chgrp -R www icons

$ sudo chmod -R g+rX icons

Ubah juga permission direktori logs:

$ sudo chgrp -R www logs

$ sudo chmod g+wX logs

Terakhir ubah kepemilikan direktori htdocs agar bisa dibaca oleh publik. Direktori ini nanti merupakan tempat menyimpan file-file web yang akan ditampilkan pada browser. Akses penulisan ke direktori ini hanya dibatasi kepada user root saja.

$ sudo chgrp -R www htdocs

$ sudo chmod -R g+rX htdocs

Karena menginstall Apache dari source file. Kita harus membuat sendiri startup script-nya agar dapat dieksekusi oleh server pada saat booting. Start up script diletakkan di direktori /usr/local/etc/rc.d. Startup script dapat didownload di sini: Apache-2 FreeBSD Startup Script

Kemudian tambahkan dua baris berikut pada file /etc/rc.conf:

apache2_enable=”YES”

apache2_flags=”-DSSL”

Ubah permission file start up script menjadi:

$ sudo chmod 555 /usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache.sh

Jalankan file tersebut untuk mengaktifkan daemon httpd:

$ sudo /usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache.sh start

Periksa apakah daemon httpd sudah aktif dengan command ps ax:

$ ps ax | grep httpd

33549 ?? Ss 0:12.88 /usr/local/apache2/bin/httpd -DSSL

33550 ?? I 0:00.43 /usr/local/apache2/bin/httpd -DSSL

33551 ?? I 0:00.40 /usr/local/apache2/bin/httpd -DSSL

33552 ?? I 0:00.32 /usr/local/apache2/bin/httpd -DSSL

Bila output di console Anda sudah seperti di atas, selamat! Anda sudah berhasil menginstall web server pada server Anda.

3. Referensi

1. http://www.bowe.id.au/michael/isp/webmail-server.htm#MYSQL


2. http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/


3. http://www.google.co.id

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POSTFIX

POSTFIX

Disini saya akan menjelaskan langkah langkah dalam membuat smtp server
dengan postfix baik sekarang kita mulai untuk menginstall postfix
tersebut

server $ cd /usr/local/src/

server $ cd postfix xxxxx.tar.gz

alangkah lebih baik bila kita membuat dahulu user untuk postfixnya
dengan cara

server $ pw adduser postfix

nah sekarang kita rubah user postfix di master.passwd dan buat menjadi
home :nonexistent dan shell /sbin/nologin
bila sudah selesai sekarang kita tinggal mengkompile source postfix tadi

server $ make

server $ make install

secara default postfix akan di simpan di direktory /etc/postfix.
nah sekarang kita akan mengotakatik postfix tersebut

server $ cd /etc/postfix

server $ cp main.cf main.cf.old

server $ ee main.cf

rubahlah atau tambahkan pada baris berikut ini

queue_directory = /var/spool/postfix

program_directory = /some/where/postfix/bin

command_directory = /usr/sbin

daemon_directory = /usr/libexec/postfix

mail_owner = postfix

myhostname = server.contoh.com

mydomain = contoh.com

myorigin = $mydomain

inet_interfaces = all

mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain $mydomain

alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases

alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases

mail_spool_directory = /var/mail

mynetworks = 192.168.0.0/8, 127.0.0.0/8

smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name ($mail_version)

local_destination_concurrency_limit = 2

default_destination_concurrency_limit = 10

debug_peer_level = 2

debugger_command =

PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin

xxgdb $daemon_directory/$process_name $process_id & sleep 5

virtual_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual

canonical_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/canonical

Bila sudah selesai sekarang kita akan membuat virtual dan canonical
untuk mendaftarkan user dan untuk mengalokasikan e-mail tersebut dengan
cara:

server $ pwd

/etc/postfix

server $ ee virtual

tambahkan baris berikut ini

user@contoh.com user

user1@contoh.com user1

user2@contoh.com user2

dst

nah sekarang kita akan membuat canonical

user user@contoh.com

user1 user1@contoh.com

user2 user2@contoh.com

dst

bila sudah selesai sekarang yang kita alkukan adalah

server $ /usr/sbin/postmap virtual

server $ /usr/sbin/postmap canonical

ok sekarang kita bikin aliasnya untuk postfix

server $ mv /etc/aliases /etc/aliases.old

server $ ee /etc/aliases

postfix: root

root : user@contoh.com

mailer-daemon : user@contoh.com

postmaster : user@contoh.com

Nah sekarang kita tinggal menjalankan postfix tersebut dan mencoba
untuk mengetstnya dengan cara :

server $ /usr/sbin/postfix start

server $ telnet contoh.com 25

Trying 192.168.0.2....

Connected to contoh.com

Escape character is ']'.

220 server.contoh.com ESMTP postfix(postfix-19991231-pl13)

quit

Connection closed by foreign host.

Selamat anda baru saja menginstallkan postfix sebagai SMTP server

bila anda ingin supaya postfix tersebut jalan pada waktu boot buatlah
atau tambahkan pada rc.local

server $ echo "/usr/sbin/postfix start" >> /etc/rc.local

http://salman.or.id/postfix/

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